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Capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy. They are widely used in various electrical and electronic systems. When a voltage is applied across a capacitor, it stores electric charge, and this charge can be released when needed. Functions: 1. Energy Storage: Capacitors store electrical energy and release it when needed. 2. Filtering: Capacitors filter out noise and unwanted signals in electronic circuits. 3. Coupling: Capacitors couple or connect different parts of electronic circuits while blocking direct current (DC). 4. Timing: Capacitors are used in timing circuits, maintaining specific time delays. Applications: Capacitors have a wide range of applications, including: 1. Power Supply Filters: Capacitors smooth the output of power supplies by removing ripples. 2. Decoupling: They reduce noise in power rails. 3. Audio Systems: Capacitors are used in audio systems for coupling and filtering. 4. Motor Starters: Capacitors provide an initial current surge to start motors. 5. Signal Processing: Capacitors are used in filter circuits, signal conditioning, and frequency selection. Alternative Components: Alternative components that can perform similar functions to capacitors include: 1. Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field. 2. Resistors: Provide resistance to the flow of electrical current. 3. Diodes: Control the flow of electrical current. Embedded Modules: Embedded modules related to capacitors can vary depending on the specific application. Some embedded modules like microcontrollers, DSP (digital signal processor) modules, or amplifiers may incorporate capacitors in their circuitry for various functions. Related Q&A: 1. Q: What factors determine the capacitance value of a capacitor? A: The size of the conductive plates, the distance between them, and the dielectric material. 2. Q: How can capacitors be connected in series and parallel? A: Capacitors are connected in series by connecting the positive terminal of one capacitor to the negative terminal of another. In parallel, the positive terminals are connected together, and the negative terminals are connected together. 3. Q: How to calculate the energy stored in a capacitor? A: The energy stored in a capacitor can be calculated using the formula: E = (1/2) C V^2, where E is energy, C is capacitance, and V is voltage. 4. Q: What is the role of capacitors in a power supply circuit? A: Capacitors in a power supply circuit help smooth the output voltage by reducing ripples and fluctuations. 5. Q: What are the factors to consider when selecting a capacitor for a specific application? A: Factors include capacitance value, voltage rating, tolerance, temperature range, size, and cost.